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; Date: November 30, 2019
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Tags: Ubuntu
Need to use a distant Ubuntu computer from your Mac laptop or desktop? I have an Intel NUC in my office providing some lightweight services - a Gogs-based Git server, and a Jenkins instance - and, while I hardly ever use its desktop environment it is useful to occasionally do so. Using Apple's Screen Sharing feature is excellent, when used between Mac's. But with Ubuntu two issues crop up, one being the relative difficulty getting it set up on Ubuntu and the other being the inscrutable error message macOS gives when you attempt to access the Ubuntu desktop.
Apple promises that remote desktop access is this easy. That the existence of a computer with desktop sharing turned on is advertised using the Bonjour service, such computers then automatically show up in Finder, and you simply click on this button and voila the remote desktop appears on your screen.
Getting to this goal requires two major tasks:
- Enabling remote desktop support on Ubuntu
- Configuring things such that the Mac is able to display a remote Ubuntu desktop
Let's get started.
The Ubuntu project has integrated the Vino VNC server, and made it easy to configure Vino from the system Settings screens.
VNC - which stands for Virtual Network Computing - is a communications protocol letting you access desktop environments on remote computers. For a computer to share its desktop environment it must have VNC Server software. For a computer to access a remote desktop using VNC it must have VNC Client software.
VNC is not the only system of this sort. But it is the system we'll use for this task, if only because VNC's software licensing (it is open source) is friendly to Linux systems like Ubuntu.
In any case this means the remote Ubuntu machine must have a VNC server. That's what Vino is, a VNC server which the Ubuntu project is putting to use.
In Ubuntu you access the system settings a.k.a. control panel via this menu. The icon to click on is in the lower left and looks like a wrench and screwdriver.
This is the main settings window. Click on the Sharing choice - because we'll be enabling Screen Sharing. If we were doing the same for macOS, we'd go to System Preferences and also click on the Sharing section then enable Screen Sharing. The Ubuntu Team must have had this in mind when designing this for Ubuntu.
In this pane you see three sorts of sharing - File Sharing, Screen Sharing and Remote Login. Each does what is implied, for example File Sharing sets up a SAMBA server and allows folks to access directories on the machine over the network.
In this case we're interested in Screen Sharing and you can see I have already enabled this. The default is for this to be Off, so let's see what's involved with enabling the feature. Click on Screen Sharing.
Obviously for folks to access the screen the Allow connections choice must be selected. There's also a button in the top of this dialog window, shown here as On that must be selected. That button controls whether this feature is on or off.
Down at the bottom is a choice labeled Networks. This Intel NUC has its WiFi turned off, and it is instead hardwired to an ethernet switch that includes the WiFi router. Obviously for remote access to the Ubuntu desktop at least one network connection must be enabled.
In the middle is something requiring a couple choices. It's good form to limit access - since this is the desktop of a logged-in user on one of your computers. What if someone nefarious had access to your local network? You want to have some degree of control, don't you?
The New connections must ask for access requires that someone using the shared computer must click approval on a dialog that pops up on the desktop. In this case I have not selected that choice because I simply want to connect to the Ubuntu desktop without requiring any input on that desktop.
The Require a password means that the VNC Client will ask for a password, and that a password is required to access the VNC server.
Once you've done this, close the dialog.
Enabling auto-login on Ubuntu
A related task is the option of having the Ubuntu system automatically log-in as a given user. In my case I want to not have to directly use the Ubuntu machine ever. Think of the Ubuntu machine being stuffed in a closet where there's no display or keyboard. If the Ubuntu machine were rebooted you don't want to go to the closet and log-in, you just want the machine to be logged in.
First - click on Details
Then click on Users
On this screen first click on the Unlock button in the title bar. You'll be asked for your password. Then click on Automatic Login. This choice means that when the Ubuntu machine reboots it will automatically log in to this user ID.
At this point you should reboot the computer to make sure Automatic Login works.
So far we've set up a VNC server on the Ubuntu machine. Recall that we now need a VNC Client to access any VNC server.
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Take a look in the macOS Application Store and you'll find several VNC client applications. Ignore all those.
Or if you want - take a look at Using VNC to access remote desktop on Raspberry Pi or other computer behind a NAT firewall
Instead look in Finder and you should find something like this:
Simply click on the Share Screen button.
If everything is correctly configured you'll get this, and upon entering the correct password you'll get a screen showing the remote desktop.
In my case there was a problem - an inscrutable error message.
Hurm. I even got some of the macOS VNC clients in the App Store to see if they would work when Screen Sharing did not. The message doesn't make much sense - it's talking about incompatibility, but surely Apple would make things compatible? Surely one of the other VNC clients would make things compatible?
After some searching I found this command has to be run on the Ubuntu computer:
This setting has to do with whether the VNC transmission is encrypted. Getting back to security issues - what if your remote desktop session went over a network connection where others could watch what you were doing? In theory all your data could be exposed if someone else could snoop on your VNC remote desktop session. Therefore it is best to have VNC connections encrypted.
But the macOS Screen Sharing thing does not support encrypted VNC sessions. So.. run the above command, and then you'll be prompted for a password, and the remote desktop will pop up.
Windows does not have such a feature built in. Instead you use a 3rd party VNC client of which there are many. A commonly recommended client is Real VNC.
In the respective app stores for Android and iOS (or iPadOS) there are VNC client programs. Get one. I don't have any recommendations to share.
In both the case of Windows and mobile VNC clients, the applications have a paradigm of managing a set of known VNC Connections. So you would add a New Connection for the Ubuntu machine, configure the settings for this connection, and then click the Connect button.
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Contents
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A VNC server is a program that shares a desktop with other computers over the Internet. You will need a VNC server if you want other people to see your desktop. Every VNC server has different strengths and weaknesses and is appropriate for different uses. This page will discuss each of the VNC servers available in Ubuntu, and ways to configure them for most common uses of VNC.
The most important thing when setting up a VNC server is to only let the right people access your desktop. The safest way to do that is usually to have someone sitting at the desktop deciding who gets to use it, but that's not always practical - for example, if you want to log in to your own computer from somewhere else.
If you want to confirm each connection manually, you should look for these options:
- Request access each time - pop a window up asking whether to allow each connection as it comes in.
- view-only access - allow VNC clients to view the destkop, but not to change anything. As well adding a little security, this avoids problems with both of you fighting over control of the mouse.
Using these two options will give you the most security. Requesting access each time will ensure that nobody can connect without you noticing, and view-only access will mean that they can't change anything without asking you to do it for them.
If you want to access your desktop when nobody is sitting at it, these options will be more useful:
- Only allow local connections - only let people connect if they already have access to your computer.
- Start your VNC server in 'once' mode - tell your VNC server to allow one connection, then block anything after that.
- Set a password - require people to send a password before they can connect.
These three options should give you a secure set-up, so long as they're used with port-forwarding. Only allowing local connections means that only people with user accounts on your computer can access your desktop. Starting the server in 'once' mode means that people with user accounts on your computer would have to log in to your desktop between the time you start your VNC server and the time you connect from your VNC client. Setting a password means that, if anyone did try to connect in that brief interval, they probably wouldn't be able to get in before you noticed and stopped the server.
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Note: you must set a password if you want to use the in-built VNC client in Mac OS X.
Vino is the default VNC server in Ubuntu to share your existing desktop with other users.
To configure vino from within GNOME, go to System > Preferences > Remote Desktop
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- To set vino to request access each time, tick Allow other users to view your desktop in the Remote Desktop configuration window.
- There's no way to set vino to only listen for the next connection.
- To set a password, tick Require the user to enter this password:, and enter a hard-to-guess password.
- To put vino in view-only mode, untick Allow other users to control your desktop.
- To only allow local connections, open a terminal and run the command:
- To allow connections from anywhere, open a terminal and run the command:
x11vnc is a VNC server that is not dependent on any one particular graphical environment. Also, it facilitates using in a minimal environment, as it has a tcl/tk based GUI. It can be started while your computer is still showing a login screen.
It is helpful to ensure you have uninstalled any other VNC programs first so that they don't interfere with x11vnc.
As a quick proof of concept to test your connectivity, as per the man page, one may create a password file via:
It will respond with:
One may execute the following in a terminal:
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Here a few settings that would be common to adjust depending on your environment:
- To set x11vnc to request access each time when set without a password, include the -nopw -accept popup:0 options.
- To set x11vnc to only listen for the next connection, include the -once option.
- To set x11vnc to continually listen for connections, include the -forever option.
- To put x11vnc in view-only mode, include the -viewonly option.
- To set x11vnc to only allow local connections, include the -localhost option.
Have x11vnc start automatically via upstart in any environment (<=Utopic)
Have x11vnc start automatically via systemd in any environment (Vivid+)
Have x11vnc automatically start in Kubuntu
One may create a startup script via:
Have x11vnc automatically start in Ubuntu
In Ubuntu (but not Kubuntu or Xubuntu) x11vnc needs superuser access, and needs the -auth /var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth -display :0 options to be specified on the command-line. The argument value for the -auth option may be found previously with x11vnc -findauth.
You can run x11vnc before you've logged in by typing something like this:
If you find a blank screen, check the x11vnc FAQ entry on headless servers.
Alternatively, you can add the following lines to the bottom of your /etc/gdm/Init/Default to have x11vnc start after your gnome login does (note that /etc/gdm/Init/Default does not exist on some Ubuntu devices):
Krfb is the default VNC server in Kubuntu. Because it's highly integrated with KDE, running it in other environments is difficult.
To configure krfb, go to System Settings > Sharing > Desktop Sharing > Configure..
- To set krfb to request access each time, tick Confirm uninvited connections before accepting
- To set a password, type a hard-to-guess password into the Password input box.
- To put krfb in view-only mode, untick Allow uninvited connections to control the desktop.
- There's no built-in way to only allow local connections, although see below for a solution.
Once mode
Krfb doesn't have a built-in way to accept the next connection then stop listening for connection attempts. However, the following Python script will listen for a single connection then exit krfb:
To use this script, open your favorite text editor and paste the contents in. Make sure that the initial '#' character is the very first character in the file, save the file as krfb.py, and set the file's permissions to make it executable. Although this simple program won't open a window of any kind, it will quietly wait for the next VNC client to connect to your computer, then pass the connection through to krfb.
This script will only listen for local connections. To allow connections from anywhere, change 127.0.0.1 to 0.0.0.0 in the script.
Invitations
Krfb lets you create 'invitations', or individual passwords that are deactivated after an hour or after one use. These are a handy way of giving people one-time access to a computer, but only provide limited security. For example, if you send someone an invitation by e-mail or instant messaging, an attacker could read your invitation message as it went over the Internet and use it to log in.
Invitations can be useful when you want to let other people view your desktop, but you still need to follow the normal precautions when letting other people view your desktop.
Whereas most VNC servers share your desktop, tightvnc creates a completely new desktop, not attached to any actual screen. This makes it much less useful for some things (like remote help), but much more useful for others (like creating a public area for collaboration). If tightvncserver won't start, you might need to uncomment the $fontpath lines in /etc/vnc.conf.
Like x11vnc, tightvnc is designed to be run from the command-line. To start it, type:
This will tell tightvnc to listen for VNC connections on port 5901 from anywhere on the Internet. Without the -nolisten tcp option, tightvnc will also listen for a different type of connection (X11 instead of VNC), which isn't usually very useful. Tightvnc's unusual design means that it can't create a remote desktop on the standard VNC port (5900) if you have an ordinary desktop running on your computer.
- There's no way to set tightvncserver to request access each time.
- There's no way to set tightvncserver only to accept the next connection, although see below for a similar solution.
- Tightvncserver always requires a password, and will ask you to specify one the first time it's run.
- To set tightvncserver to only allow local connections, include the -localhost option.
Once mode
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Tightvncserver can't be set to accept the next connection then stop listening for connection attempts. But it can be set to automatically disconnect each client when the next client connects, and can be stopped after your connection is disconnected. To only allow local connections and automatically disconnect clients, start tightvnc by typing:
Then when your client is disconnected by the next client connecting, type:
Customising your session
By default, tightvncserver provides a session with a simple window manager and a terminal. The first time tightvncserver runs, it creates a ~/.vnc/xstartup file that you can use to customise your session. Here is an example file that would give you a GNOME desktop:
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Your changes will take effect the next time you start tightvncserver.
TigerVNC was originally based on the (never-released) VNC 4 branch of TightVNC. It is stable and actively maintained, being around since 2009 and included in most popular distributions. In particular, it supports compositing window managers without requiring a fallback mode, such as with Gnome Shell. When using with the TigerVNC viewer it also uses TLS encryption by default.
TigerVNC is available in Ubuntu 17.04 and newer:
On older Ubuntus, go to https://github.com/TigerVNC/tigervnc/releases to find the latest release, since it is not yet in an apt repository. Download and install:
Its syntax is very similar to tightvncserver, start it as your user with:
And stop it with:
See man vncserver for options. Avaiable options are similar but not identical to tightvnc.
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TigerVNC can also replace x11vnc to attach to the local display using the provided x0vncserver binary:
More detailed usage information is available here.
Start TigerVNC vncserver at boot
The ubuntu install package also registers a system service, making it easy to define listening vnc servers on startup. Edit the file /etc/default/vncserver and add the display number and user to start as:
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Then enable the service at boot with:
- GNU Screen and tmux allow you to open, share, disconnect, and later return to text-based terminals.
- directvnc is a VNC server that shares a Linux framebuffer instead of a desktop.
- linuxvnc is a VNC server that shares a text-based console instead of a desktop.
- xrdp is a server for Microsoft's Remote Desktop protocol, a client for which comes with all modern versions of Windows.
- xserver-xephyr allows you to create a desktop within a desktop on a single computer.
- Apple Remote Desktop is a desktop sharing application for Mac OS that includes a VNC server.
- Apple Screen Sharing is a default application in Mac OS X that allows incoming VNC connections.
Having Compiz enabled may interrupt screen updates with some servers and clients. Using -noxdamage with x11vnc can prevent this.
* http://www.karlrunge.com/x11vnc/